A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) is an entity set up by a parent company to undertake a specific project or business activity. SPVs can take many forms, such as trusts or partnerships, but are often structured as subsidiary companies. When formed as a subsidiary company, an SPV operates as a separate entity from its parent company which can help shield the parent company from risk and attract investment opportunities. This article explores the advantages and disadvantages of this structure.
Advantages of an SPV Structure
Risk Management
One advantage of SPVs is risk management. Where a parent company wants to pursue a higher-risk project, forming an SPV is a good option to help isolate the risk and protect the rest of the corporate group. If the higher-risk project becomes unsuccessful (resulting in default, debt or insolvency), a creditor can usually only bring a claim against the SPV. In other words, they cannot claim against the parent company or the wider corporate group. This means that the valuable assets held by the parent company are protected from claims brought against the underperforming SPV.
However, there are some circumstances where courts can ‘pierce the corporate veil’ and find the parent company liable. We explore this further below.
Overall, SPVs are an invaluable tool for businesses looking to diversify their plans and offerings. It allows them to pursue higher-risk, high-reward ventures while protecting the rest of their business.
Operational Freedom
Another benefit flowing from risk management is that SPVs allow corporate groups freedom to explore otherwise untapped commercial opportunities. Isolating the risks associated with a project to an SPV provides for greater operational freedom.
Incorporating an SPV subsidiary also has the potential for flexibility and freedom in the governance of a specific project. As an incorporated entity, you can appoint a completely different board of directors for the SPV as opposed to the parent company, which allows for independence in the governance of the SPV subsidiary. Alternatively, the board of directors might closely resemble or match that of the parent company to allow for consistency.
Flexibility
A major benefit of SPV structures is the flexibility that they provide. SPVs are not a one size fits all model. You can adapt or modify them to suit different corporate structures and ventures.
Drawbacks of an SPV Structure
Despite the benefits set out above, there are detriments to incorporating an SPV that you should consider before implementing this structure.
One drawback is the added complexity that comes with adding additional companies into a corporate structure. Managing an additional entity can be time-consuming and costly. You should weigh the benefits of incorporating an SPV against the added administrative burden of managing separate records, financial statements and tax returns. Setting up an SPV can also require ongoing legal and accounting assistance to ensure that the company complies with regulatory and legal requirements.
Another drawback of incorporating an SPV is the risk to the parent company’s reputation if the business or venture is high risk. A court can ‘pierce the corporate veil’ in cases of fraud or improper conduct. Accordingly, a parent company is not always 100% protected.
Finally, an SPV may be a liability for the parent company. For example, the parent company might loan money or assets to the SPV to support its operational costs and provide working capital. Where the SPV has been formed to pursue a higher-risk project, there may be no return on investment for the parent company.
This guide will help you to understand your corporate governance responsibilities, including the decision-making processes.
Key Takeaways
A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) can offer several advantages for businesses seeking to manage risks and explore new opportunities. The primary benefit lies in risk management, as SPVs allow the isolation of higher-risk projects, protecting the parent company and the broader corporate group from potential financial liabilities. This enables businesses to pursue ventures with potentially higher rewards while safeguarding their valuable assets. Additionally, SPVs provide operational freedom by allowing for independent governance and flexibility in adapting to different corporate structures and ventures. However, drawbacks include added complexity, administrative burdens, and potential reputational risks for the parent company. You should carefully consider the drawbacks to this structure when deciding to incorporate an SPV.
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Frequently Asked Questions
A special purpose vehicle is a legal entity a company can create for a specific project or venture. Incorporated SPVs are set up as subsidiaries to isolate the risk associated with a particular venture from a parent company.
Running a high-risk venture through an SPV can isolate risk, protecting the parent company and the broader corporate group from potential financial liabilities. SPVs can also allow for greater operational freedom, as you have increased flexibility to run your venture.
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